什么是 AGM 电池?吸附式玻璃垫技术完全指南

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导言

AGM batteries (Absorbed Glass Mat batteries) are a type of sealed lead-acid battery in which the electrolyte is held in place by a glass mat.
Unlike traditional flooded lead-acid batteries, AGM batteries are maintenance-free, leak-proof, and offer superior starting power.
In this guide, you’ll learn how AGM batteries work, their advantages and disadvantages, how to charge them, their service life, how to test them, and how to select the right AGM battery for your application.

AGM 意味着什么?

AGM 指的是吸收玻璃毡,是专为阀控铅酸蓄电池 (VRLA) 开发的创新设计。与液态电解液可自由流动的传统淹没式电池相比,AGM 采用了细玻璃毡,可吸收并固定铅板之间的电解液。这样就形成了一种密封、防溢出的电池,具有更好的性能和充电特性,使用寿命也更长。目前,AGM 蓄电池已广泛应用于汽车、太阳能、UPS、船舶和电信等领域,这些领域对蓄电池的可靠性和免维护运行有着极高的要求。.

AGM 电池的工作原理

玻璃毡分离器: 在正负电极板之间有一个细玻璃垫隔板。玻璃毡能像海绵一样吸收电解液。.

电解质的不流动性: 酸均匀地存在于玻璃垫中。这样就能产生化学作用,避免泄漏。.

压力调节阀: 所有 AGM 电池都是密封的,采用阀门调节。该系统可防止气体外泄,由于内部压力保持不变,因此无需维护。.

氧的重组 电池充电时,正极板中产生的氧气与负极板中的氢气结合,再次形成水。这样可以回收电解液,延长电池的使用寿命。.

图 1 显示了 AGM 电池与标准淹没式电池的区别。电解液被吸收到玻璃毡中,使活性材料之间的接触足够紧密,从而获得更好的功率输出、更好的抗震性和无泄漏。.

AGM 电池内部设计图

图 1.AGM 电池内部设计图

AGM 电池的主要优势

与传统铅酸蓄电池相比,吸收玻璃毡蓄电池的设计具有多种性能和安全优势。以下是许多行业转用 AGM 电池的原因,如表 1 所示。.

表 1.AGM 电池技术的主要优势

特点优势
免维护无需加水或检查酸度。.
防溢设计密封结构可防止泄漏和腐蚀。.
高功率输出为车辆和逆变器提供强大的突发电流。.
快速充电内阻低,充电效率高。.
抗振动和冲击非常适合越野、船舶和工业设备。.
使用寿命更长通常比淹没式铅酸蓄电池的寿命更长。.
低自放电储存期间可保持更长时间的电量。.
灵活安装可多方向安装(倒置除外)。.

AGM Battery Voltage Chart

The state of charge (SOC) of an AGM battery can be estimated by measuring its voltage. However, relying solely on voltage readings to assess its condition is insufficient, because while an aging AGM battery may maintain a voltage within the specified range, its capacity will decrease and its internal resistance will increase.

The table below lists the estimated voltage values for a 12V AGM battery at different states of charge after a full discharge.

| State of Charge (SOC) | AGM Battery Voltage |
|———————- -|———————-|
| 100% Charge | 12.7V – 12.9V |
| 75% Charge | 12.5V – 12.6V |
| 50% Charge | 12.2V – 12.4V |
| 25% Charge | 12.0V – 12.1V |
| Fully Discharged | Below 11.9V |

Because AGM batteries have lower internal resistance, their open-circuit voltage when fully charged is typically higher than that of standard lead-acid batteries.

When checking the voltage of an AGM battery, allow the battery to rest for several hours after charging or discharging.

How to Test an AGM Battery

Testing an AGM battery requires more than checking voltage alone. A complete battery evaluation usually combines voltage measurement, load testing, internal resistance analysis, and capacity testing to determine the actual condition of the battery.

AGM Battery Voltage Test

A voltage test is the simplest way to assess the initial state of charge of an AGM battery.
For example, a fully charged AGM battery typically has a voltage of approximately 12.7 to 12.9 volts when at rest. If the voltage is significantly lower, it may indicate that the battery is undercharged or has aged.
However, this test only reflects the current condition and cannot determine the battery’s capacity or service life.

AGM Battery Load Test

The purpose of a load test is to verify whether an AGM battery can maintain its voltage during discharge.

During this process, the battery is subjected to a controlled load, and changes in its voltage are monitored. A high-quality AGM battery should maintain a stable voltage, while a low-quality battery will experience a rapid drop in voltage.

Load testing is widely used for automotive starter batteries.

内阻测试

Internal resistance testing is an effective method for assessing the aging of AGM batteries.
As AGM batteries age, their internal resistance increases, resulting in a reduced ability to discharge at high currents.
Because of this phenomenon, measuring internal resistance allows for the identification of battery degradation.

能力测试

AGM battery capacity testing is used to determine the capacity of AGM batteries.
After fully charging an AGM battery, it is discharged until it reaches a preset cut-off voltage. The battery’s capacity after discharge is measured and compared to its rated capacity to evaluate its performance.
Professional testing of AGM batteries includes three tests: voltage, resistance, and capacity.

How to Tell If an AGM Battery Is Bad

AGM batteries do not always fail immediately. Typically, a battery’s performance gradually declines over time, manifesting as reduced capacity, increased internal resistance, or decreased charging efficiency.

There are several symptoms that can help determine whether an AGM battery needs to be replaced or inspected.

AGM Battery Cannot Hold Charge

One sign of an AGM battery failure is a rapid loss of charge after recharging.

If the voltage drops significantly within a few minutes under no-load conditions, it may indicate internal aging or reduced capacity.

Reduced Starting Power

For AGM batteries used in automobiles, a decline in starting performance means the battery can no longer deliver sufficient current.

Longer Charging Time

Older AGM batteries may take longer to fully charge.

Abnormal behavior during charging may indicate a decline in battery performance or aging.

Voltage Drops Quickly Under Load

Sometimes a battery may display normal voltage when idle but fail during operation.

A rapid voltage drop under load is a stronger indication of a battery problem than a simple voltage measurement alone.

Physical Damage or Swelling

Although AGM batteries are sealed and maintenance-free, overcharging, overheating, and internal faults can cause the battery to swell or deform.

Carefully inspect the battery for damage before use.

How to Confirm AGM Battery Condition

To accurately determine whether an AGM battery is still usable, users should combine multiple testing methods, including voltage measurement, load testing, internal resistance testing, and capacity testing.

A single measurement cannot always represent the actual health condition of an AGM battery.

AGM 电池的应用

表 2.AGM 电池的常见应用

应用领域说明主要优势
汽车和启停车辆AGM 蓄电池广泛应用于现代汽车,其启动-停止系统需要快速爆发电量和频繁循环。.曲柄功率大,充电快,免维护,使用寿命长。.
太阳能和可再生能源系统深循环 AGM 电池可有效储存太阳能,在日照不足或夜间也能提供稳定的电力输出。 高电压蓄电池组测试系统 进行性能评估和优化。.可靠的能量存储、深度放电能力、防溢出、操作安全。.
不间断电源(UPS)用于数据中心、医院和电信网络的备份系统。.瞬时供电、待机时间长、免维护设计。.
船舶和休闲车 (RV)是船只、游艇和房车的理想之选,因为它们对抗震性和密封结构要求极高。.抗冲击、无腐蚀、安装灵活,可在狭窄空间内安全使用。.
工业和备用电源系统为叉车、应急灯和远程控制系统提供动力,因为在这些地方,停机时间是不可接受的。.重负荷下性能可靠,经久耐用,自放电率低。.
电信和离网基础设施用于远程信号塔和基站,在电网中断时保持正常运行。.能源供应稳定,维护成本低,在极端条件下可靠性高。.

图 2 显示,AGM 蓄电池可与太阳能光伏系统配合使用。.

太阳能储能中的 AGM 电池

图 2.太阳能储能中的 AGM 电池

AGM 电池充电:最佳实践

适当的 AGM 蓄电池充电是延长 AGM 深循环蓄电池寿命和性能的关键。建议使用高质量的智能充电器或 AGM 专用充电器。因为它能提供稳定的充电电压,有效防止过度充电。当 12V AGM 蓄电池在吸收或散装阶段充电电压在 14.4V 至 14.8V 之间,并在浮充或维护阶段保持在 13.5V 至 13.8V 之间时,其性能会更好。密封式 AGM 蓄电池不需要均衡充电。请务必查看制造商的数据表,以准确确认电压范围。.

充电时必须首先考虑安全问题。使用温度补偿充电器,以避免过热和玻璃垫内部损伤。应避免过度充电,因为高压会导致隔膜干涸。在电池长期存放之前对其进行充电也很重要,这样可以防止硫化并保持电池的全部容量。.

AGM 电池与其他电池类型

目前市场上有许多铅酸蓄电池技术。AGM 蓄电池也是其中之一。 与淹没式铅酸蓄电池和胶体蓄电池相比,AGM 蓄电池在功率、安全性和低维护率方面达到了理想的平衡。 AGM 蓄电池完全密封,无需维护。相比之下,淹没式蓄电池的酸液是自由流动的,需要定期用蒸馏水加满。虽然胶体蓄电池的充放电速度较慢,但它们也采用密封设计。.

锂电池的能量密度更高,充电速度更快,但成本较高,需要复杂的电池管理系统(BMS)才能安全运行。 AGM 电池因其卓越的可靠性、成本和性能平衡,仍然是汽车、UPS 和可再生能源系统中大多数用户最明智、最经济的选择。.

深循环 AGM 电池

深循环 AGM 电池设计用于长时间稳定放电,是离网和可再生能源装置的理想选择。 深循环 AGM 蓄电池可提供数小时的稳定电量而不会损坏,这与只能提供短暂尖峰电流的起动蓄电池形成鲜明对比。 这类蓄电池通常用于电信塔、太阳能系统、房车和船舶应用中。.

由于其安全性、可靠性和无需维护,它们成为能源存储的热门选择。 尽管锂电池因其能量密度更高而越来越受青睐,但 AGM 深循环电池因其经济实惠、可回收利用以及在各种情况下均表现出良好的性能,仍然是许多设备的首选。.

汽车 AGM 电池

现代汽车的电气系统高度依赖于可靠、强大的能量传输。 AGM 汽车蓄电池可以满足这些需求,它在曲柄功率、抗震性和充电时间方面都优于传统的淹没式蓄电池。它们与起停系统配合使用时效果尤佳。起停系统使用发动机自动关闭和重新启动来节省燃料。.

AGM 电池还非常适合在极端条件下运行的车辆,因为它们在寒冷和炎热的温度下都能保持性能。其使用寿命长,采用密封设计,无需维护,让人高枕无忧。 当汽车电池上印有 “AGM ”字样时,表示该电池采用了吸附式玻璃垫技术,这种技术的设计目的是在恶劣的汽车环境中保持可靠、高效和持久的性能。.

维护和使用寿命

人们认为 AGM 电池无需维护。如果保养得当,它们的使用寿命会大大延长。不兼容的设备会缩短蓄电池的使用寿命,因此一定要使用适当类型的充电器。除非蓄电池是专为深循环应用而制造的,否则不要完全放电。 为避免内部极板损坏,请将蓄电池保持在额定温度下。还应不时清洁端子,以避免腐蚀积累。 确保蓄电池在长期使用后完全充电,以保持其容量并避免硫化。.

如果保养得当,高品质 AGM 电池的使用寿命可达八年或更长。 对于任何寻求长期、可靠电力储存的人来说,由于其低维护设计和耐用性,AGM 电池是一项明智的投资。.

结论

AGM 电池是目前市场上最可靠、适应性最强的储能选择。它在传统铅酸电池和尖端锂离子电池系统之间架起了一座桥梁,在安全性、性能和经济性之间取得了理想的平衡。.

AGM 电池 SINEXCEL-RE 可再生能源 无论您是在运行太阳能集成充电站、管理船舶还是维护工业备用系统,这些蓄电池都能为您的能源项目提供所需的可靠性和效率。只要保养得当,这些蓄电池在未来的许多年里都能持续提供稳定可靠的电力。.

常见问题

蓄电池上的 AGM 是什么意思?

它是 Absorbed Glass Mat 的缩写,指的是玻璃纤维隔板,用于吸收和固定电解液,防止泄漏。.

AGM 电池如何工作?

它在铅板之间使用玻璃垫隔板来固定电解液并保持密切接触,以实现高效的充放电反应。.

AGM 蓄电池能否用作深循环蓄电池?

是 - AGM 深循环蓄电池专为持续放电而设计,非常适合太阳能和离网使用。.

AGM 蓄电池的充电电压是多少?

用于 12V AGM:

  • 批量收费: 4-14.8V
  • 浮充: 5-13.8V

AGM 电池是否比标准铅酸电池更好?

是的 - AGM 电池比淹没式铅酸蓄电池更高效、更安全、更耐用。.

AGM 电池的使用寿命有多长?

4-8 年,视使用情况、温度和充电方式而定。.

Picture of About the Author

关于作者

作者是 Sinexcel-RE 的电池设备工程师,专门从事先进电池测试系统的设计、开发和制造。.

我们的工程师在高精度充放电测试、安全验证和再生大功率测试平台方面拥有丰富的经验,致力于为电池行业打造可靠、高效的尖端设备。所有内容均从工程角度出发,提供有关电池测试技术、设备创新和新一代制造解决方案的专业见解。.

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